India has strengthened its capacity to observe, forecast and communicate multi-hazard information across the IHR5 . India now has specialized monitoring and forecasting capabilities across meteorology, hydrology, geology and the cryosphere. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides high-resolution weather and precipitation forecasts, the Central Water Commission (CWC) provides short-range and seven-day flood forecasts, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) provides daily regional landslide forecasts up to the taluk/sub-divisional level; and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) and other institutions monitor glaciers and glacial lakes through satellite and field-based approaches. These capabilities are complemented by national warning and decision-support systems. The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)’ Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS) brings together observational networks, forecasting models and a GIS-based Decision Support System, and warnings from agencies such as CWC are disseminated through channels including the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)’s SACHET platform.